Hierarchical surface-modification of nano-Cu toward one pot H-transfer-coupling–cyclization–CO2 fixation tandem reactions

Abstract

Fixation of CO₂ into dihydroisobenzofuran derivatives has enormous applications in both production of natural products and antidepressant drugs, and reducing the green-house effect. However, the relatively complicated multi-step processes limit the further expansion of such a valuable CO₂ conversion strategy. Herein, we hierarchically modify the surface of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) with Ag NPs and the robust metal–organic framework (MOF), ZIF-8, and report the presence of the Cu–Ag yolk–shell nanoalloy based heterogeneous catalysts, Cu@Ag and Cu@Ag@ZIF-8. The latter exhibits a crystalline “raisin bread” structure and specific synergic activity for catalyzing the tandem reactions of intra-molecular H-transfer, C–C and C–O coupling, cyclization, and carboxylation from CO₂, leading to the first non-homogeneous preparation of dihydroisobenzofuran derivatives in high yield, selectivity, and recyclability under mild conditions. Theoretical calculations elucidate the tandem reaction pathway synergically catalyzed by Cu@Ag@ZIF-8, which offers insights for designing multiphase catalysts towards both organic synthesis and CO₂ fixation through tandem processes in one pot.