N-Heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold–copper nanoclusters: synthesis, bonding and mechanochromism

Abstract

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have emerged as highly effective surface ligands for the protection and functionalization of metal nanoclusters (NCs). However, research on NHC-stabilized metal NCs, including their synthesis, structure, properties, and applications, is still in its early stages. In this study, we present the first gold-copper alloy cluster protected by both NHC and alkyne ligands, denoted as Au₃Cu(^iPrNHC^iPr)(PA)₄ (abbreviated as Au₃Cu, where ^iPrNHC^iPr is a bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligand with isopropyl as the N-substituent, and PA is a phenylethynyl group). The precise composition of Au₃Cu was confirmed through the utilization of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and its structure was determined via X-ray single-crystal diffraction. It is worth noting that although the Au₃Cu clusters do not display substantial light emission when exposed to UV lamps, they are capable of emitting green fluorescence subsequent to undergoing mechanical milling (λ_em = 500 nm). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis reveals that this transition is attributed to a crystalline-amorphous transformation of the cluster crystals. These atomically precise alloy clusters are expected to serve as a model for further investigation into the principles of mechanical milling of metal clusters for discolouration.