An innovative approach in titanium determination based on incorporating 2-amino-4-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)pyridine-3-ol in a PVC membrane

Abstract

A pioneering optical sensor has been effectively developed to achieve precise and reliable detection of titanium ions. The sensor employs an optode membrane composed of 2-amino-4-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)pyridine-3-ol (ANPDP) and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) incorporated into a plasticized PVC matrix, with dioctyl sebacate (DOS) acting as the plasticizer. When exposed to Ti⁴⁺ ions at pH 8.25, the color of the sensing membrane undergoes a distinctive transformation from yellow-orange to violet. Extensive investigations were carried out to assess and optimize various factors influencing the efficiency of ion uptake. Through careful experimentation, the optimum conditions were determined to be 60.0% DOS, 6.0% ANPDP, 30% PVC, and 4.0% NaTPB, with a rapid response time of 5.0 min. Within these conditions, the developed optode demonstrates an impressive linear range of 3.0–225 ng mL⁻¹, boasting detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits of 0.91 and 2.95 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, the precision of the sensor, as indicated by the relative standard deviation (RSD%), remained consistently below 1.55% in six replicate determinations of 100 ng mL⁻¹ Ti⁴⁺ across diverse membranes. The selectivity of the sensor was rigorously examined for a range of cations and anions, successfully establishing the tolerance limits for interfering species. Notably, the presence of EDTA as a masking agent did not compromise the high selectivity of the sensor. Consequently, the innovative probe holds significant potential as a reliable analytical tool for quantifying titanium content in various samples, including water, geological materials, soil, plants, paints, cosmetics, and plastics.