Coprecipitation and hydrothermal synthesis of CaO from dolomite in the presence of Sapindus rarak extract for biodiesel production: catalysts characterization and optimization

Abstract

High-purity CaO cubic crystallites extracted from limestone exhibited excellent activity as base catalysts for waste cooking oil (WCO) conversion into biodiesel. Saponin from Sapindus rarak extract acted as a surfactant in CaO extraction and transformation into well-defined cubic microcrystallites. The application of saponin from Sapindus rarak extract as a surfactant for CaO production results in a high level of CaO purity and particle size reduction compared to directly calcined limestone (CaO–MgO). The catalytic activity was evaluated on CaO from hydrothermal and co-precipitation synthesis, MgO and CaO–MgO derived from limestone, giving hydrothermal CaO catalysts enhanced biodiesel yield. Optimization of transesterification conditions using Box Behnken Design response surface methodology achieved 92.40% biodiesel yield at 65 °C, 3 h reaction time and when using 5% of CaO catalysts.