β-Cyclodextrin/Zn–Fe layered double hydroxides/graphitic carbon nitride nanomaterials based potentiometric sensor for paroxetine determination in environmental water samples

Abstract

Developing targeted and sensitive analytical techniques for drug monitoring in different specimens are of utmost importance. Herein, a first attempt was made for the determination of paroxetine (Prx⁺) in environmental water samples using a novel, sensitive, selective, stable, accurate and eco-friendly potentiometric sensor based on Zn–Fe layered double hydroxides/graphitic carbon nitride (Zn–Fe LDH/g-C₃N₄) nanomaterials with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the sensing ionophore and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as the plasticizer. The prepared nanomaterial was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface properties of the proposed sensor were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor exhibited an excellent Nernstian slope of 59.3 ± 0.7 mV decade⁻¹ covering a wide linear working range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻² mol L⁻¹, low detection limit of 3.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹, low quantification limit of 9.9 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹, long life time, sufficient selectivity, high chemical and thermal stability within a wide pH range of 2.0–9.0. This analytical method was successfully implemented for Prx⁺ determination in a pure form, pharmaceutical formulation and different water samples.