Advances in quinoxaline derivatives: synthetic routes and antiviral efficacy against respiratory pathogens

Abstract

The study of quinoxalines as nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds has garnered substantial interest within scientific research owing to their multidimensional functionalization capabilities and significant biological activities. The scope of study encompasses their application as potent antiviral agents, particularly within the domain of respiratory pathologies—a topic of pivotal concern in this comprehensive review. They have several prominent pharmacological effects, such as potential influenza inhibitors, potential anti-SARS coronavirus inhibitors, potential anti-SARS-CO-2 coronavirus inhibitors, and miscellaneous respiratory antiviral activities. As a result, some of the literature has described many of these quinoxalines using various synthetic methods for their mentioned biological effects. In the present review, we provided insight into quinoxaline synthesis, structure–activity relationship (SAR), and antiviral activities, along with a compilation of recent studies. The article further encapsulates the gamut of past and ongoing research efforts in the design and synthetic exploration of antiviral scaffolds, with a pronounced emphasis on their strategic deployment against viral pandemics, contextualized against the tapestry of the recent COVID-19 outbreak. This illuminates the quintessential role of quinoxalines in the armamentarium against viral pathogens and provides a platform for the development of next-generation antiviral agents.