Detecting dissolved mercury(ii) ions using chitosan-AgNP strips integrated with smartphones

Abstract

A simple preparation of a paper strip test with a smartphone-based instrument for detecting dissolved mercury is still in development. This study aims to develop a smartphone-based colorimetric paper strip test using chitosan-stabilized silver nanoparticles for detecting dissolved mercury. The method demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for Hg²⁺ ions, with detection limits comparable to UV-vis spectrophotometry. Silver ions embedded in the chitosan matrix were reduced by either sodium NaBH₄ or N₂H₄. Both chi-AgNP colloidal and chi-AgNP paper strips were tested for sensitivity of mercury(II) solution detection with and without ion interference. The accuracy of colour change responding to the mercury concentration was recorded with several smartphones in a handmade cubical and a T-shape micro-studio. Only NaBH₄ gives colloidal chi-AgNPs relatively dispersed, and the colloidal chi-AgNPs become aggregated when AgNP interacts with mercury(II) ions. The colour change of chi-AgNP paper strips responding to the concentration of mercury(II) and quantified using a smartphone is consistent when confirmed with UV-vis spectrophotometric determination with a comparable limit of detection (0.76 μM). The inferring ions do not significantly affect mercury(II) analyses. Therefore, the paper strip integrated with the smartphone is effectively used for mercury(II) detection in water as long as the mercury concentration is >1 μM. This finding might inspire advanced technology with a larger number of data references, and machine learning involvement to develop more compatible and simple mercury detection.