In situ analysis of heavy metals and halogenated compounds in reclaimed water using novel electrospray ionization combined with plasma ionization linear ion trap mass spectrometry

Abstract

Water scarcity is a global concern that needs addressing through alternative sources. One of the approaches is the use of reclaimed water for irrigation. However, the presence of halogenated compounds and heavy metals in reclaimed water poses significant food safety threats. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of these contaminants using a reliable method is essential. This study presents an innovative analytical technique that combines electrospray ionization (ESI) with microwave plasma ionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS), enabling the simultaneous detection of organic compounds and heavy metals. The plasma ionization process in metals exhibits novel features, unlike traditional methods, making it suitable for organic and metallic detection in complex matrices. This technique achieved a recovery rate of 78.5–123% and 79.93–119.50% for halogenated compounds and heavy metals, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 1.5 ng mL⁻¹ to 3.5 ng mL⁻¹ and 4.5 ng mL⁻¹ to 12.75 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. Analysis of reclaimed water from three irrigation systems revealed concentrations of halogenated compounds and heavy metals below allowable levels set by national agencies, indicating manageable pollution risks. H-compounds, such as diuron and linuron, were prevalent in all samples, while zinc and lead showed higher levels in flood and sub-irrigation systems. Compared to traditional methods, ESI-MPIMS performs well and demonstrates high efficiency, good quantification, and high sensitivity in the analysis of real samples. This study shows that ESI-MPIMS is promising for on-site analysis of organic compounds and heavy metals in complex matrices and is suitable for water quality control and environmental quality assessment for pollutant screening.