Fabrication of an α-Fe2O3 NP-modified ZnO NRs/Ni-foam nanocomposite electrode for electrochemical detection of arsenic in drinking water

Abstract

Arsenic is a toxic contaminant that can be found in drinking water. In this study, the development of an efficient electrode as an electrochemical sensor to detect arsenic(V) in drinking water is presented. The surface of ZnO nanorods (NRs) synthesized on a Ni-foam substrate was modified by depositing α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) to fabricate an electrode for the detection of arsenic(V) contamination in drinking water. This electrode was synthesized through two separate growth steps: a hydrothermal (ZnO NRs) step followed by the dip-coating method (α-Fe₂O₃ NPs). The dip-coating method was repeated multiple times, 2 times (ZNF-2), 3 times (ZNF-3) and 4 times (ZNF-4), in order to achieve a uniform coverage of the ZnO NR surface. The electrodes were characterized using XRD, XPS, SEM and UV-vis spectroscopy. The best efficiency among the α-Fe₂O₃NP-modified nanorod samples was observed for the 3-time dip-coated ZNF-3 sample, which presented a uniform and homogeneous morphology, as observed from the SEM images, accompanied with the highest oxidation current. The electrochemical performance of the sensor electrodes was tested for a wide range of arsenic(V) concentrations from 0 to 50 ppb and was monitored using cyclic voltammetry. The results demonstrated a calibration plot that was linear over a concentration range of 0–50 ppb of arsenic(V), and the regression equation extracted from the calibration curve was found to be y = 0.003x − 0.6271 (with R² = 0.991). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 4.12 ppb and 13.74 ppb, respectively, which are lower than the maximum allowed value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for arsenic in drinking water. This reasonable performance of the ZnO NRs/Ni-foam/α-Fe₂O₃NP nanocomposite electrode can be further enhanced, and the electrode can be utilized for efficient arsenic(V) detection in drinking water.