Differential transmetallation of complexes of the anti-cancer thiosemicarbazone, Dp4e4mT: effects on anti-proliferative efficacy, redox activity, oxy-myoglobin and oxy-hemoglobin oxidation

Abstract

The di-2-pyridylthiosemicarbazone (DpT) analogs demonstrate potent and selective anti-proliferative activity against human tumors. The current investigation reports the synthesis and chemical and biological characterization of the Fe(III), Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ga(III), and Pd(II) complexes of the promising second generation DpT analog, di-2-pyridylketone-4-ethyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp4e4mT). These studies demonstrate that the Dp4e4mT Co(III), Ni(II), and Pd(II) complexes display distinct biological activity versus those with Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ga(III) regarding anti-proliferative efficacy against cancer cells and a detrimental off-target effect involving oxidation of oxy-myoglobin (oxy-Mb) and oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-Hb). With regards to anti-proliferative activity, the Zn(II) and Ga(III) Dp4e4mT complexes demonstrate facile transmetallation with Cu(II), resulting in efficacy against tumor cells that is strikingly similar to the Dp4e4mT Cu(II) complex (IC₅₀: 0.003–0.006 μM and 72 h). Relative to the Zn(II) and Ga(III) Dp4e4mT complexes, the Dp4e4mT Ni(II) complex demonstrates kinetically slow transmetallation with Cu(II) and intermediate anti-proliferative effects (IC₅₀: 0.018–0.076 μM after 72 h). In contrast, the Co(III) and Pd(II) complexes demonstrate poor anti-proliferative activity (IC₅₀: 0.262–1.570 μM after 72 h), probably due to a lack of transmetallation with Cu(II). The poor efficacy of the Dp4e4mT Co(III), Ni(II), and Pd(II) complexes to transmetallate with Fe(III) markedly suppresses the oxidation of oxy-Mb and oxy-Hb. In contrast, the 2 : 1 Dp4e4mT: Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ga(III) complexes demonstrate facile reactions with Fe(III), leading to the redox active Dp4e4mT Fe(III) complex and oxy-Mb and oxy-Hb oxidation. This study demonstrates the key role of differential transmetallation of Dp4e4mT complexes that has therapeutic ramifications for their use as anti-cancer agents.