Selective labelling of GBA2 in cells with fluorescent β-d-arabinofuranosyl cyclitol aziridines

Abstract

GBA2, the non-lysosomal β-glucosylceramidase, is an enzyme involved in glucosylceramide metabolism. Pharmacological inhibition of GBA2 by N-alkyl iminosugars is well tolerated and benefits patients suffering from Sandhoff and Niemann–Pick type C diseases, and GBA2 inhibitors have been proposed as candidate-clinical drugs for the treatment of parkinsonism. With the ultimate goal to unravel the role of GBA2 in (patho)physiology, we sought to develop a GBA2-specific activity-based probe (ABP). A library of probes was tested for activity against GBA2 and the two other cellular retaining β-glucosidases, lysosomal GBA1 and cytosolic GBA3. We show that β-D-arabinofuranosyl cyclitol aziridine (β-D-Araf aziridine) reacts with the GBA2 active site nucleophile to form a covalent and irreversible bond. Fluorescent β-D-Araf aziridine probes potently and selectively label GBA2 both in vitro and in cellulo, allowing for visualization of the localization of overexpressed GBA2 using fluorescence microscopy. Co-staining with an antibody selective for the lysosomal β-glucosylceramidase GBA1, shows distinct subcellular localization of the two enzymes. We proffer our ABP technology for further delineating the role and functioning of GBA2 in disease and propose the β-D-Araf aziridine scaffold as a good starting point for the development of GBA2-specific inhibitors for clinical development.