Radical ligand transfer: mechanism and reactivity governed by three-component thermodynamics

Abstract

Here, we demonstrate that the relationship between reactivity and thermodynamics in radical ligand transfer chemistry can be understood if this chemistry is dissected as concerted ion-electron transfer (cIET). Namely, we investigate radical ligand transfer reactions from the perspective of thermodynamic contributions to the reaction barrier: the diagonal effect of the free energy of the reaction, and the off-diagonal effect resulting from asynchronicity and frustration, which we originally derived from the thermodynamic cycle for concerted proton-electron transfer (cPET). This study on the OH transfer reaction shows that the three-component thermodynamic model goes beyond cPET chemistry, successfully capturing the changes in radical ligand transfer reactivity in a series of model Fe^III–OH⋯(diflouro)cyclohexadienyl systems. We also reveal the decisive role of the off-diagonal thermodynamics in determining the reaction mechanism. Two possible OH transfer mechanisms, in which electron transfer is coupled with either OH⁻ and OH⁺ transfer, are associated with two competing thermodynamic cycles. Consequently, the operative mechanism is dictated by the cycle yielding a more favorable off-diagonal effect on the barrier. In line with this thermodynamic link to the mechanism, the transferred OH group in OH⁻/electron transfer retains its anionic character and slightly changes its volume in going from the reactant to the transition state. In contrast, OH⁺/electron transfer develops an electron deficiency on OH, which is evidenced by an increase in charge and a simultaneous decrease in volume. In addition, the observations in the study suggest that an OH⁺/electron transfer reaction can be classified as an adiabatic radical transfer, and the OH⁻/electron transfer reaction as a less adiabatic ion-coupled electron transfer.