2D organic nanosheets of self-assembled guanidinium derivative for efficient single sodium-ion conduction: rationalizing morphology editing and ion conduction

Abstract

The resurgence of interest in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is largely driven by their natural abundance and favourable cost, apart from their comparable electrochemical performance when compared with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The uneven geographic distribution of the raw materials required for LIBs has also contributed to this. The solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is typically one of the vital components for energy storage in SIBs and for achieving high electrochemical performances. SSEs are preferred over liquid electrolytes primarily due to their enhanced safety and stability, apart from the option of achieving higher energy density. A single sodium-ion selective conductor minimises dendrite formation and cell polarisation, among many other benefits over binary ionic conductors in battery operation. Here, we demonstrate the first example of a sulfonated supramolecular organic two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet as a novel class of single sodium-ion conductors prepared from the self-assembly of a functionalised guanidinium ion (AD-1). Solvent-assisted exfoliation of the bulk powder in water yielded nanosheet morphology, whereas nanotube morphology was achieved in isopropanol (IPA). In contrast, self-assembly with systematic water/IPA solvent ratio variations produced marigold, sunflower, and nanorod morphologies. Thermodynamic parameters, crystallinity, elemental composition, and varying natures of hydrogen bonding in five distinct morphologies were determined using microscopic and spectroscopic studies. The single Na⁺ conducting properties of each morphology are correlated in terms of morphology, crystallinity, and the solvent used to achieve that specific morphology. Importantly, with high crystallinity and directional ion channels, 2D nanosheet morphology exhibits the highest single Na⁺-ion conductivity of 3.72 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ with an activation energy of 0.28 eV, showing a moderately high Na⁺-ion transference number of 0.83 at room temperature without incorporating any additional sodium salts and organic solvents. This report is believed to be the first to show the significance of nanostructure morphologies in achieving high single-Na⁺-ion transport.