Triplet dynamics reveal loss pathways in multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters

Abstract

Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials are of interest for light-emitting applications due to their narrow emission bandwidths and high photoluminescence quantum yields. Whilst there have been numerous examples of multi-resonance molecules exhibiting efficient TADF, the photophysics and mechanism of TADF in multi-resonance emitters have not been investigated to the same extent as the more conventional spatially separated donor–acceptor TADF materials, limiting the development of MR-TADF devices. Here we study the photophysics of a multi-resonance TADF material, OQAO(mes)₂, using transient absorption spectroscopy to spectrally resolve the triplet population(s). We identify multiple triplet populations with distinct spectral contributions, and resolve the dynamics between them. Unlike conventional donor–acceptor TADF materials that have previously been studied, we find these triplet states are not formed in equilibrium, instead exhibiting a slow evolution from a high-energy triplet to a low-energy triplet. Delayed fluorescence predominantly reflects the lifetime of the high-energy triplet state, indicating that the formation of the low-energy triplet is a loss pathway for TADF. We also find that greater amounts of the low-energy triplet are formed in a higher dielectric environment, which leads to less delayed fluorescence. These triplet dynamics have significant implications for TADF in devices, as depending on the identity of the triplet formed by electrical excitation, there will either be a significant barrier to TADF, or a competing nonradiative decay pathway.