Blood pressure measurement techniques, standards, technologies, and the latest futuristic wearable cuff-less know-how

Abstract

Regular blood pressure (BP) monitoring is the keystone to early prevention of hypertension, a major factor of heart-related disease and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. As human health is of the utmost concern, tremendous efforts have been made to advance health monitoring devices over time. At present, various techniques, broadly classified as invasive, cuff-based, and cuff-less non-invasive techniques, are used to measure human BP. In the past few years, flexible and wearable healthcare technologies have attracted great attention toward continuous BP monitoring and enabling long-term human health surveillance. To keep all this in mind, we have reviewed the literature and present a comprehensive survey of various types of BP measurement techniques and their algorithms. This review also focused on flexible and wearable continuous BP monitoring technologies and their validation according to the universal standard. Furthermore, recently developed state-of-the-art wearable devices are also discussed, which show a great potential to estimate BP in the future. Eventually, this review will provide a better understanding of BP measurement techniques and wearable technologies and expose the reader to new perspectives on continuous BP monitoring.