A co-assembly process for high strength and injectable dual network gels with sustained doxorubicin release performance

Abstract

Adopting a non-covalent co-assembly strategy shows great potential in loading drugs efficiently and safely in drug delivery systems. However, finding an efficient method for developing high strength gels with thixotropic characteristics is still challenging. In this work, by hybridizing the low molecular weight gelator fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine (Fmoc-F) (first single network, 1st SN) and alginate (second single network, 2nd SN) into a dual network (DN) gel, gels with high strength as well as thixotropy were prepared efficiently. The DN gels showed high strength (10³ Pa in SN gels and 10⁵ Pa in DN gels) and thixotropic characteristics (yield strain <25%; recovery ratio >85% within 100 seconds). The application performance was verified by loading doxorubicin (DOX), showing better encapsulation capacity (77.06% in 1st SN, 59.11% in 2nd SN and 96.71% in DN) and sustained release performance (lasting one week under physiological conditions) than single network gels. Experimental and DFT results allowed the elaboration of the specific non-covalent co-assembly mechanism for DN gel formation and DOX loading. The DN gels were formed by co-assembly driven by H-bond and π–π stacking interactions and then strengthened by Ca²⁺-coupling. Most DOX molecules co-assembled with Fmoc-F and alginate through π–π stacking and H-bond interactions (DOX-I), with a few free DOX molecules (DOX-II) left. Proven by the release dynamics test, DOX was released through a diffusion–erosion process, in an order of DOX-I first and then DOX-II. This work suggests that non-covalent co-assembly is a useful technique for effective material strengthening and drug delivery.