Dimensional diversity (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in perovskite solar cells: exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low fabrication cost. This review article delves into the changing PSC landscape by analyzing the various dimensional diversity, which includes zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) structures, and exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations to improve the stability and performance of these promising PV devices. To fine-tune the properties of perovskite materials, researchers have used cutting-edge methods like passivation strategies, interface engineering, and exact crystal growth control. As a result, significant improvements in open-circuit voltage (V_OC), long-term stability, and PCE have been made. This thorough review also discusses the complex trade-offs involved in each dimensional integration, offering important insights into the complex interplay between material properties, device architecture, and fabrication techniques. Dimensional diversity in PSCs ultimately represents a dynamic path toward advancing the state-of-the-art in PV technology, providing invaluable direction to scientists and engineers attempting to realize the full potential of these next-generation solar cells. In conclusion, this review article offers a thorough analysis of the developments, difficulties, and potential of perovskite-based solar cells. It contributes to the knowledge and development of high-efficiency PSCs that hold great promise in the race for better photovoltaic performance by looking at printing techniques, stability issues, applications, and the special properties of perovskite materials.