Programmable cation migration in unipolar 2D ion channels via dynamic Debye length

Abstract

Programmable ion migration in artificial ion channels constructed from two-dimensional (2D) materials represents a significant advancement in the development of bioinspired materials and technologies. Here, we achieve programmable cation migration in unipolar 2D ion channels by tuning the Debye length. These unipolar channels are engineered in a graphene oxide (GO) membrane composed of parallel-stacked, negatively charged laminae. This work provides a strategy for controlled ion transport, offering insights for biomimetic iontronics, ion-based memory, and advanced sensing applications.