Enhancing the stability and performance of Ni-rich cathode materials through Ta doping: a combined theoretical and experimental study

Abstract

As the demand for high-energy batteries to power electric vehicles continues to grow, Ni-rich cathode materials have emerged as promising candidates due to their high capacity. However, these materials are prone to rapid degradation under increased voltages, posing significant challenges for their long-term stability and safety. In this study, we investigate the effects of tantalum (Ta) doping on the performance and stability of LiNi_0.80Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ (NMC811) cathode materials. Using a combined theoretical and experimental approach, we employ density functional theory (DFT) and cluster expansion models to analyze the electronic structure and oxygen vacancy formation enthalpy in Ta-doped NMC811. Experimental validation is conducted using cycling and gas measurements via on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) on in-house synthesized cathode active materials. Both theoretical and experimental approaches show an improvement in oxygen binding due to tantalum doping, with the DFT results highlighting the impact of Ni⁴⁺ concentration on the proximity of the vacancy. Our results suggest that Ta doping inhibits the formation of oxygen vacancy-induced side phases, reducing cracking and enhancing the longevity and safety of Ni-rich cathodes.