A spiro-type self-assembled hole transporting monolayer for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells and modules

Xianfu Zhang; Botong Li; Shaochen Zhang; Zedong Lin; Mingyuan Han; Xuepeng Liu; Jianlin Chen; Weilun Du; Ghadari Rahim; Ying Zhou; Pengju Shi; Rui Wang; Pengfei Wu; Thamraa Alshahrani; Wadha Alqahtani; Norah Alahmad; Qian Wang; Bin Ding; Songyuan Dai; Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin; Yong Ding

doi:10.1039/D4EE01960A

A spiro-type self-assembled hole transporting monolayer for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells and modules†

Xianfu Zhang,‡^ab Botong Li,‡^a Shaochen Zhang,‡^d Zedong Lin,

‡^g Mingyuan Han,^a Xuepeng Liu,

*^a Jianlin Chen,^a Weilun Du,^a Ghadari Rahim,^e Ying Zhou,^a Pengju Shi,^d Rui Wang,

^d Pengfei Wu,^h Thamraa Alshahrani,

^f Wadha Alqahtani,^f Norah Alahmad,^f Qian Wang,*ⁱ Bin Ding,*^b Songyuan Dai,

^a Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin

*^bc and Yong Ding

*^ab

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
E-mail: liuxuepeng@ncepu.edu.cn, dingy@ncepu.edu.cn

^b Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
E-mail: bin.ding@epfl.ch, mdkhaja.nazeeruddin@epfl.ch

^c School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Jiangsu, Wuxi 214026, P. R. China

^d School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China

^e Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

^f Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia

^g School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China

^h State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China

ⁱ Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
E-mail: b2286713@ustb.edu.cn

Abstract

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have significantly contributed to the advancement of hole transporting materials (HTMs) for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, uneven distribution of SAMs on the substrate largely decreases the PSC performance, especially for large-scale devices. Herein, the first spiro-type SAM, termed 4PA-spiro, with an orthogonal spiro[acridine-9,9′-fluorene] as the skeleton and phosphonic acid as the anchoring group were proposed. Compared to the reference 4PACz, the twisted configuration with larger steric hindrance of 4PA-spiro inhibited the intermolecular aggregation, enabling a uniform and homogeneous anchoring on the substrate. Moreover, the suitable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of 4PA-spiro is beneficial in promoting hole extraction and reducing charge non-radiative recombination. As a result, compared to 4PACz with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.10%, the 4PA-spiro-based PSCs exhibited a superior PCE of 25.28% (certified 24.81%, 0.05 cm²), along with excellent long-term stability. More importantly, 4PA-spiro-enabled larger-area PSCs and modules achieved PCEs of 24.11% (1.0 cm²) and 21.89% (29.0 cm²), respectively, one of the highest PCEs for inverted PSC modules, providing an effective SAM candidate for the commercialization of efficient, stable and large-scale inverted PSCs.

This article is part of the themed collection: Recent Open Access Articles

Energy & Environmental Science

A spiro-type self-assembled hole transporting monolayer for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells and modules†

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A spiro-type self-assembled hole transporting monolayer for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells and modules

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