Review of c-Si PV module recycling and industrial feasibility

Abstract

As solar energy emerges as a pivotal renewable energy source, the environmental challenge of end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) module disposal intensifies. This literature review examines the recycling methodologies for both conventional and emerging PV modules, with a particular focus on crystalline silicon PV technology. It highlights the necessity for sustainable waste management practices that are driven by environmental concerns. The study classifies recycling methodologies into two categories: non-destructive cell recovery and comprehensive component recycling. It examines the technological processes, efficiency, and potential for material recovery, including precious metals and silicon, associated with each category. The economic viability and environmental advantages are evaluated in terms of reduced raw material extraction and resource conservation. The paper assesses the legislative and political context of PV module recycling across regions, identifying deficiencies in existing technologies and policies. The paper makes a case for a multidisciplinary approach to improve recycling rates, encompassing technological innovation, supportive policy frameworks, and global recycling standards. The objective is to provide an overview of the current state of PV module recycling and to inform stakeholders in the renewable energy sector about prospective research and policy directions.