Biomimetic haloperoxidases for antifouling on the surface of marine materials: a review

Abstract

Biological fouling has led to many direct and indirect adverse effects on human life since ancient times. For decades, researchers have been trying to develop effective antifouling strategies to prevent biofouling by marine organisms. The toxicity of conventional antifouling agents toward nontarget organisms has led to their gradual banning all over the world. Therefore, researchers have begun to focus on biomimetic haloperoxidases based on the natural antifouling capability of some marine algae that can effectively prevent the attachment of microorganisms by self-secreting haloperoxidases. Biomimetic haloperoxidases exhibit high stability and have low cost, making them a good alternative to natural enzymes, and they perform well in both laboratory and natural marine conditions. This review mainly focuses on vanadium-based, cerium-based, molybdenum-based and other biomimetic haloperoxidases materials. Among them, vanadium-based materials mainly include V₂O₅ and vanadium-based derivatives. Cerium-based materials mainly include CeO₂, heteroatoms (such as carbon, nitrogen and lanthanide) doping cerium oxide, cerium oxide composite and Ce-MOF. Molybdenum-based materials mainly include molybdenum single-atom and molybdenum-based composites. Other biomimetic haloperoxidase materials mainly include W-UiO and Cr-SA-CN semiconductors. Their efficient antifouling behavior and mechanisms have been highlighted. Certain shortcomings of biomimetic haloperoxidases and their prospects have also been described. Researchers are enthusiastic to exploit biomimetic haloperoxidases as efficient antifouling substances in marine environments.