Bis-3-chloropiperidines: a novel motif for anthelmintic drug design

Abstract

Parasites account for huge economic losses by infecting agriculturally important plants and animals. Furthermore, morbidity and death caused by parasites affect a large part of the world population, especially in economically weak regions. Anthelmintic drugs to tackle this challenge remain scarce and their efficiency becomes increasingly endangered by the advent of drug resistance development. In the present study, we assessed the anthelmintic potential of bis-3-chloropiperidines, a family of compounds which have already demonstrated antiproliferative activity against various cell lines. We synthesized and tested the activity of 21 bis-3-chloropiperidine derivatives against two strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (N2 and DC19) and the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. Overall, bifunctional chloropiperidines featuring an aromatic linker performed best against the tested indicator organisms and could be considered for future optimization efforts. Ultimately, out of the 21 analyzed bis-3-chloropiperidines, four derivatives (2, 5, 9 and 11) reduced vitality parameters against S. mansoni and five the motility of C. elegans (2, 4, 5, 13, 21) while exhibiting no or low cytotoxicity.