Qi Wu‡
a,
Pan-Lin Shao‡*ab and
Yun He*a
aChongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China. E-mail: shaopl@cqu.edu.cn; yun.he@cqu.edu.cn
bCollege of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
First published on 10th July 2019
We developed an economical and practical protocol for the synthesis of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines. A diverse range of alkoxyallenes and 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes undergo (4 + 2) cycloaddition to generate the desired products in excellent yields. The high efficiency, wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance of this process, coupled with operational simplicity, render the method synthetically attractive. The utility of the cycloaddition is also demonstrated by the preparation of various pyridazines from 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines.
Recently, Goeke8 and Luo9 et al. developed (4 + 2) annulation of alkoxyallenes with cyclopentadienes and β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters, respectively (Scheme 1). These established methods employed expensive heavy metals (Au, In), which maybe resulting in the contamination of medicinal products. Accordingly, there is a clear demand for the development of transition-metal-free protocols with high efficiency, operational simplicity, atom economy and general applicability.
In 2015, Favi et al. developed (4 + 2) cycloaddition of alkoxyallene with α-halohydrazones (precursors of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes), but in which only methoxyallene could be employed as the dienophile (Scheme 2a).10 The approach allows access to 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines, which are versatile building blocks and prevalent in a large number of pharmacologically active molecules.11 However, the cyclization suffered from moderate conversion and narrow substrates scope, required long reaction time (up to 7 days) and high stoichiometric ratio of reactants (methoxyallene/Na2CO3/α-halohydrazone = 7:5:1).
Currently, there is an increased drive to find new ways to maximize synthetic efficiency and minimize waste in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.12 As part of our group's continuous interest in cumulene chemistry and transition-metal-free synthesis,13 the (4 + 2) annulation of alkoxyallene with 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes was thus systematically reinvestigated, and in this context, we demonstrate that the cyclization can proceed with a broad range of substrates, producing a wide variety of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines in high efficiency. Besides, it was found that these adducts could further convert into pyridazines (Scheme 2b).
The investigations began with assaying the (4 + 2) cycloaddition between benzyloxyallene 1a and α-halohydrazone 2a, as shown in Table 1. A survey of solvents identified toluene as the most suitable media (entries 1–4). Protic solvent (MeOH) did not promote the reaction. Several bases were screened to evaluate their ability to promote the cyclization at ambient temperature (entries 4–9). Trace cycloadduct was generated by using organic base [TEA, DIPEA] (entries 5 and 6), whereas inorganic base [K2CO3, KOAc] afforded the desired product in good yields (entries 7–8). K2HPO4 was found to be most efficient and afforded predominantly the desired 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazine 3aa in 94% yield at room temperature for 72 h (entry 9). Then, in order to speed up the cycloaddition, changes of temperature was made (entries 10 and 11). To our delight, a breakthrough was achieved. Raising the reaction temperature to 40 °C benefited the reaction rate dramatically and the full conversion was reached in only 16 h (entry 10). To our surprise, when the temperature was increased to 50 °C, the yield of 3aa decreased to 45% (entry 11). The negative impact on the yield may blame the low stability of 1a at higher temperature. Besides, α-halohydrazones 2 bearing different protecting groups [Cbz, Ac, Boc] were all suitable substrates, producing the corresponding products in uniformly high yields, and the yield is slightly higher when 2b was employed (entries 12–14). Meanwhile, we also investigated the effect of the stoichiometric ratio of 1a/2b (entries 15 and 16).
Entry | R | 2 | X | Base | Solvent | Temp. (°C) | Time (h) | Yieldb (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a Reaction conditions: 1a (X equiv.), 2 (0.2 mmol), base (2.0 equiv., 0.4 mmol), solvent (2 mL).b Yield was that of the isolated product. NR: no reaction. | ||||||||
1 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | Na2CO3 | MeOH | RT | 72 | NR |
2 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | Na2CO3 | DCM | RT | 72 | 87 |
3 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | Na2CO3 | CHCl3 | RT | 72 | 89 |
4 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | Na2CO3 | Toluene | RT | 72 | 90 |
5 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | TEA | Toluene | RT | 72 | <5 |
6 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | DIPEA | Toluene | RT | 72 | <5 |
7 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | K2CO3 | Toluene | RT | 72 | 72 |
8 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | KOAc | Toluene | RT | 72 | 80 |
9 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | RT | 72 | 94 |
10 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 40 | 16 | 92 |
11 | Bz | 2a | 4.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 50 | 16 | 45 |
12 | Cbz | 2b | 4.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 40 | 16 | 94 |
13 | Ac | 2c | 4.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 40 | 16 | 68 |
14 | Boc | 2d | 4.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 40 | 16 | 90 |
15 | Cbz | 2b | 2.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 40 | 16 | 94 |
16 | Cbz | 2b | 1.0 | K2HPO4 | Toluene | 40 | 16 | 89 |
After extensive experimentation to reduce the amount of α-halohydrazone 2b, we identified the following optimal protocol: reaction of 1a and 2b with a stoichiometric ratio of 2.0:1.0 in the presence of K2HPO4 (2.0 equiv.) in toluene at 40 °C for 16 h (benzyloxyallene/K2HPO4/α-halohydrazone = 2:2:1). It is also worth mentioning that all the reactions were conducted open to air with no need for exclusion of air or moisture.
The structure of 3aa (CCDC 1904934) was unambiguously assigned by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (Fig. 1). The structure of 3 were assigned by analog.14
Having identified the optimized reaction conditions, the substrate scope of the cyclization was studied, and a variety of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines 3 were synthesized in decent yields (Table 2). From a practical perspective, gram scale reaction was performed, 3ab was obtained without erosion of the yield, as shown in the parenthesis. We investigated the electronic effects of different aryl groups at the para positions of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes. All the α-halohydrazone 2 could well tolerate the existence of electron-neutral, electron-rich or electron-poor phenyl rings, and furnished the products 3ac–3am in uniformly excellent yields. In addition, we also demonstrated that the position of substituents at the meta positions of phenyl groups did not affect the reaction. However, when the substituents (MeO, Cl) were introduced at the ortho positions of the aromatic rings, the yields were decreased dramatically, maybe due to the steric hindrance on the aromatic rings (3ap–3aq). Besides, on replacement of the phenyl groups with α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl and 5-benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl group, respectively, the reactions could still undergo smoothly, affording the desired 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines (3ar–3at) in high yields. In contrast, α-halohydrazone bearing 2-furanyl or 2-thiophenyl group showed lower reactivity for the cycloaddition, tended to give the cyclization product in diminished yields (3au–3av).
We next explored the possibility that the alkoxyallenes can bear other substituents, such as methyl (1b), cyclohexyl (1c), phenyl (1d) and cinnamyl (1e) groups. In fact, these alkoxyallenes proved to be compatible with the reaction conditions and led to smooth cyclization with α-halohydrazone 2b in good to excellent yields (Table 3). More interestingly, we also noticed that a similarly excellent yield was obtained when the reaction was conducted with racemic 3-methyl-substituted benzyloxyallene (1f).15 Unfortunately, despite vigorous efforts, a qualified single crystal of 3fb for X-ray crystallographic analysis could not be obtained to determine the relative configuration. Systematic experimentation of the annulation of 3-substituted alkoxyallenes is ongoing.
To further underscore the synthetic utility of the current method, we next sought to examine its application to nitrogen-substituted allenes,16 with the goal to provide a versatile approach for drug leads. As expected, the same reaction conditions could be utilized for the cycloaddition of allenamine (1g) and allenamide (1h) with α-halohydrazone 2b, respectively, providing the corresponding cycloadducts in excellent yields, albeit allenamide (1i) afforded a lower yield, maybe due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the phthalimido substituent (Table 4).
A possible mechanism for this cyclization was presented in Scheme 3. The 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes is supposed to be produced in situ from 1,4-elimination of α-halohydrazones 2 under basic condition, and then intercepted by benzyloxyallene 1 to undergo inverse electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction via transition state TS which finally results in the formation of 3.
Scheme 3 Proposed mechanism for the transition-metal-free (4 + 2) cycloaddition of alkoxyallenes with 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes. |
The high efficiency, wide substrate scope, good functional group tolerance of the above-mentioned processes, coupled with operational simplicity, make the cycloaddition an attractive method for the synthesis of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines. Moreover, we found that the cycloadduct 3ab could be readily transformed into pyridazine 4ab by reduction in 60% yield or by hydrolysis in 86% yield. Furthermore, the hydrolysis in acidic condition (1 M HCl) proved to be an outstanding synthetic approach to pyridazines, since it was easily performed and provided the desired product in a transition-metal-free, efficient and economical manner, as shown in Scheme 4.
Scheme 4 Synthesis of pyridazine. See the ESI† for details. |
It should be stressed in particular that the pyridazine skeletons are privileged structure moieties in many biologically active natural products, organocatalysts, ligands and synthetic materials.17 In order to explore the small heterocycles of pharmaceutical interest, we became interested in developing the hydrolysis method. When the cycloadducts 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines 3 were treated with hydrochloric acid at room temperature, a series of pyridazines were successfully delivered in good to excellent yield, regardless of the nature and the positions of the aryl substituent. In contrast, the desired compounds 4ae and 4ai were afforded in moderate yields, due to the susceptibility of amide (–NHAc) and ester (–CO2Me) groups to hydrolysis in the acidic condition (Table 5). What's more, pyridazine 4ab could be prepared likewise using 3gb, 3hb and 3ib as starting materials despite that 3gb underwent slower hydrolysis even employing higher concentration of HCl (3 M).
Footnotes |
† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental procedures, spectroscopic data, copies of 1H and 13C NMR spectra. CCDC 1904934 (3aa). For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02712b |
‡ These authors contributed equally to this paper. |
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 |