Design and characterization of molecular, crystal and interfacial structures of PVDF-based dielectric nanocomposites for electric energy storage

Abstract

PVDF-based polymers with polar covalent bonds are next-generation dielectric materials for electric energy storage applications. Several types of PVDF-based polymers, such as homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers and tetrapolymers, were synthesized by radical addition reactions, controlled radical polymerizations, chemical modifications or reduction with the monomers of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). Owing to rich molecular structures and complicated crystal structures, PVDF-based dielectric polymers can show versatile dielectric polarization properties, including normal ferroelectrics, relaxor ferroelectrics, anti-ferroelectrics and linear dielectrics, which are beneficial for designing polymer films with high capacity and high charge–discharge efficiency for capacitor applications. Furthermore, to satisfy the requirements of practical high-capacity capacitors, the polymer nanocomposite method is another promising strategy to achieve high-capacitance dielectric materials by the addition of high-dielectric ceramic nanoparticles, moderate-dielectric nanoparticles (MgO, and Al₂O₃), high-insulation nanosheets (BN), etc. It is concluded with the current problems and future perspectives of interfacial engineering, such as core–shell strategies and hierarchical interfaces in polymer-based composite dielectrics for high-energy-density capacitor applications. In addition, an in-depth understanding of the roles of interfaces on the dielectric properties of nanocomposites can be achieved by indirect analysis techniques (theoretical simulation) and direct analysis techniques (scanning probe microscopy). Our systematic discussions on molecular, crystal and interfacial structures provide guidance for designing fluoropolymer-based nanocomposites for high-performance capacitor applications.