Luminescent Pb-free perovskites: low-cytotoxicity materials for primary thermal sensing

Abstract

Selecting a suitable host matrix to perform temperature sensing in biomedical applications requires low cytotoxicity, facile synthesis, and an ability to be doped with light-emitting ions. With this perspective, indium-based halide double perovskites, specifically Cs₂AgIn_0.9Bi_0.1Cl₆, Cs₂Ag_0.6Na_0.4InCl₆, and Cs₂Ag_0.6Na_0.4In_0.9Bi_0.1Cl₆, were chosen as host materials to develop lanthanide-based primary thermometers due to their low phonon energy and ease of synthesis. The incorporation of Na⁺ and Bi³⁺ into the perovskite cubic crystal lattice was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy while the optical properties of both the undoped and Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ co-doped perovskites were assessed by diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The obtained perovskite samples demonstrated excellent thermal stability, with the ability to withstand temperatures as high as 500 °C. A temperature-dependent green emission of Er³⁺ was observed in the co-doped samples upon 980 nm irradiation, yielding a relative thermal sensitivity and uncertainty in temperature values of 1.3% K⁻¹ and 0.3 K, respectively. Incorporating the obtained perovskites (0.05 to 0.20 mg mL⁻¹) into L2929 cells as an in vitro model resulted in high cell viability, underscoring the benefits of selecting such a low-cytotoxicity material for applications in biological media.