Development of thiacrown ligands for encapsulation of mercury-197m/g into radiopharmaceuticals

Abstract

The theranostic pair mercury-197m and mercury-197g (^197m/gHg, t_1/2 = 23.8 h/64.14 h), through their γ rays and Meitner–Auger electron emissions, have potential use as constituents in radiopharmaceuticals to treat small metastatic tumours. However, the use of this pair of nuclear isomers in radiopharmaceuticals requires the development of suitable [^197m/gHg]Hg²⁺ chelators as currently there is a lack of established ligands for radiometals in the field. Herein, this work studies the ^natHg/^197m/gHg coordination of three thiacrown 18-membered N₂S₄ macrocycles with pendant arms of varying chemical “softness”. Following the synthesis and characterization of the N₂S₄ ligand series (6,6′-((1,4,10,13-tetrathia-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane-7,16-diyl)bis(methylene))dipicolinic acid (N₂S₄-Pa), 7,16-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,10,13-tetrathia-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane (N₂S₄-Py) and 7,16-bis(2-(methylthio)ethyl)-1,4,10,13-tetrathia-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane (N₂S₄-Thio)), Hg²⁺ complexes were studied through mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealing successful complexation of all ligands with the Hg²⁺ ion. Radiolabeling studies demonstrated the effect of the pendant arm on [^197m/gHg]Hg²⁺ coordination, as N₂S₄-Thio and N₂S₄-Py had the highest radiochemical yield, similar to that of previously reported N-benzyl-2-(1,4,7,10-tetrathia-13-azacyclopentadecan-13-yl)acetamide (NS₄-BA), while N₂S₄-Pa had the lowest. The complex integrity of [^197m/gHg][Hg(N₂S₄-Py)]²⁺ and [^197m/gHg][Hg(N₂S₄-Thio)]²⁺ in both human serum and glutathione was notably lower compared to the [^197m/gHg][Hg(NS₄-BA)]²⁺ complex. However, the [^197m/gHg][Hg(N₂S₄-Py)]²⁺ and [^197m/gHg][Hg(N₂S₄-Thio)]²⁺ complexes remained above 70% intact over 82 h when competed against biologically relevant metals (ZnCl₂, FeCl₃, CuCl₂, MgCl₂ and CoCl₂), suggesting the selectivity of the ligands for Hg²⁺. This study illustrates the importance of the macrocyclic backbone size and electron-donor groups of the donor pendant arms in the design of chelators for ^197m/gHg-radiopharmaceuticals, as both affect the radiolabeling properties and complex inertness.