A polydihydroxystyrene (PDHS) mussel-mimetic binder: toward sustainable hard carbon electrodes with outstanding performance in sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

This work reports a fluorine-free polymer binder (polydihydroxystyrene, PDHS) for the preparation of hard carbon (HC) anodes. Very small amounts (3%) can be used to obtain HC electrodes with high initial coulombic efficiency, iCE (91%) and outstanding reversible capacity (∼360 mA h g⁻¹). The obtained performance is better than that of their PVDF/CMC counterparts, due to enhanced adhesion and the formation of a stable, conductive SEI layer.