Two-dimensional nanomaterials as lubricant additives: the state-of-the-art and future prospects

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Ti₃C₂T_x MXene and g-C₃N₄, have shown outstanding potential as lubricant additives, due to their nanoscale thickness, ultra-low interlayer shear strength, large surface area, and good stability. This review summarizes the recent progresses in the applications of 2D nanomaterials as water- and oil-based lubricant additives and their lubrication mechanisms such as tribofilm formation, interlayer sliding, rolling effect, surface repairing effect, and polishing effect. Additionally, it discusses the challenges faced in their practical application, such as compatibility and stability issues, and suggests future research directions to foster innovation in 2D material-based nano-lubricants, aiming to advance their practical implementation in various lubrication scenarios.