Chromium arene complexes in organic synthesis

Abstract

The complexation of an arene to a chromium tricarbonyl unit changes its chemical behavior, giving rise to unprecedented transformations. The electron-withdrawing effect of the unit allows efficient nucleophilic attack (S_NAr and dearomatization reactions), stabilizes negative charges in benzylic positions and activates C_Ar–halogen bonds for cross-coupling reactions. In addition, the Cr(CO)₃ moiety exerts great facial control so it can be used as an auxiliary that can easily be removed. The 1,2- and 1,3-unsymmetrically disubstituted complexes are planar chiral and there are various ways to prepare them in enantiomerically pure form. Planar chiral chromium complexes are becoming useful intermediates and ligands for asymmetric catalysis. This mature field of organometallic chemistry has given rise to several synthetic applications of chromium arene complexes in the synthesis of natural products. This chemistry is overviewed in this tutorial review, giving special attention to the most recent and outstanding contributions in the area.