Composite porous membranes with an ultrathin selective layer for vanadium flow batteries†
Abstract
An ultrathin Nafion film was introduced onto the poly(ether sulfone) (PES)–sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) porous membranes for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The composite membranes showed very high ion selectivity, good stability and excellent performance (energy efficiency 86.5% at 80 mA cm−2) in VFB.