A new type of biocompatible draw solute, Na+-functionalized carbon quantum dots (Na_CQDs) with ultra-small size and rich ionic species, in forward osmosis (FO) is developed for seawater desalination. The aqueous dispersion of Na_CQDs demonstrates a high osmotic pressure, which allows high FO water flux and negligible reverse solute permeation.
C. X. Guo, D. Zhao, Q. Zhao, P. Wang and X. Lu, Chem. Commun., 2014, 50, 7318 DOI: 10.1039/C4CC01603C
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