Ferrocene/fullerene hybrids showing large second-order nonlinear optical activities: impact of the cage unit size

Abstract

The electron donor–acceptor complexes, which undergo intramolecular charge transfer under external stimulus, are an emerging class of materials showing important application in nonlinear optics. Synthesizing ferrocene/fullerene complexes through face-to-face fusion would enjoy the merits of both ferrocene and fullerene due to their strong donor–acceptor interactions. Four ferrocene/fullerene hybrid complexes with the gradual extension of fullerene cage size, including CpFe(C₆₀H₅), CpFe(C₆₆H₅), CpFe(C₇₀H₅), and CpFe(C₈₀H₅) (Cp is cyclopentadienyl), have been investigated by density functional theory. These hybrid molecules give eclipsed and staggered isomers. The main reason that the eclipsed isomer is stable is that the eclipsed structure possesses large CpFe⋯fullerene bonding energy. The CpFe⋯fullerene interaction is smaller than that of Cp⋯Fefullerene, which must come from two different interfaces. The presence of covalent bond character between CpFe and fullerene is supported by the localized orbital locator, deformation of electron density distribution and energy decomposition analysis. Significantly, the absorption bands and first hyperpolarizabilities of these hybrid complexes are strongly sensitive to the fullerene cage size, which is ascribed to a change in the charge transfer pattern, especially for CpFe(C₈₀H₅), which displays reverse π → π* charge transfer from bottom to top cage, leading to notable hyperpolarizability. Investigation of the structure–property relationship at the molecular level can benefit the design and preparation of such hybrid complexes in chemistry and materials science.