The relationship between coefficient of restitution and state of charge of zinc alkaline primary LR6 batteries

Shoham Bhadra; Benjamin J. Hertzberg; Andrew G. Hsieh; Mark Croft; Joshua W. Gallaway; Barry J. Van Tassell; Mylad Chamoun; Can Erdonmez; Zhong Zhong; Tal Sholklapper; Daniel A. Steingart

doi:10.1039/C5TA01576F

The relationship between coefficient of restitution and state of charge of zinc alkaline primary LR6 batteries†

Shoham Bhadra,^a Benjamin J. Hertzberg,^b Andrew G. Hsieh,^b Mark Croft,^c Joshua W. Gallaway,^d Barry J. Van Tassell,^e Mylad Chamoun,^f Can Erdonmez,^f Zhong Zhong,^g Tal Sholklapper^h and Daniel A. Steingart*^b

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* Corresponding authors

^a Electrical Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA

^b Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and The Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA

^c Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA

^d City University of New York Energy Institute, New York, New York 10031, USA

^e Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA

^f Sustainable Technologies Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA

^g National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA

^h Voltaiq, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA

Abstract

The coefficient of restitution of alkaline batteries has been shown to increase as a function of depth of discharge. In this work, using non-destructive mechanical testing, the change in coefficient of restitution is compared to in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction data to determine the cause of the macroscopic change in coefficient of restitution. The increase in coefficient of restitution correlates to the formation of a percolation pathway of ZnO within the anode of the cell, and the coefficient of restitution levels off at a value of 0.66 ± 0.02 at 50% state of charge when the anode has densified into porous ZnO solid. Of note is the sensitivity of coefficient of restitution to the amount of ZnO formation that rivals the sensitivity of in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

The relationship between coefficient of restitution and state of charge of zinc alkaline primary LR6 batteries†

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The relationship between coefficient of restitution and state of charge of zinc alkaline primary LR6 batteries

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