Formation of a stable carbon framework in a MnO yolk–shell sphere to achieve exceptional performance for a Li-ion battery anode

Abstract

A 3D carbon framework has been introduced into a MnO yolk–shell structure, which functions as an electrical highway and a mechanical framework that improves the reaction kinetics, prevents MnO from fracturing and agglomerating, and limits most SEI formation to the carbon surface instead of on the MnO–electrolyte interface. As a result of this arrangement, the sample demonstrates a maximum reversible specific capacity of 1040 mA h g⁻¹ at rate of 0.2 A g⁻¹ with a long cycle life (without any decrease after 500 cycles), and an outstanding charge/discharge rate capability (513 mA h g⁻¹ at 4 A g⁻¹).