The effect of ionic Co presence on the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of modified cobalt–titanate nanotubes

Abstract

With the aim of producing materials with enhanced optical and photocatalytic properties, titanate nanotubes (TNTs) modified by cobalt doping (Co-TNT) and by Na⁺ → Co ion-exchange (TNT/Co) were successfully prepared by a hydrothermal method. The influence of the doping level and of the cobalt position in the TNT crystalline structure was studied. Although no perceptible influence of the cobalt ion position on the morphology of the prepared titanate nanotubes was observed, the optical behaviour of the cobalt modified samples is clearly dependent on the cobalt ions either substituting the Ti⁴⁺ ions in the TiO₆ octahedra building blocks of the TNT structure (doped samples) or replacing the Na⁺ ions between the TiO₆ interlayers (ion-exchange samples). The catalytic ability of these materials on pollutant photodegradation was investigated. First, the evaluation of hydroxyl radical formation using the terephthalic acid as a probe was performed. Afterwards, phenol, naphthol yellow S and brilliant green were used as model pollutants. Anticipating real world situations, photocatalytic experiments were performed using solutions combining these pollutants. The results show that the Co modified TNT materials (Co-TNT and TNT/Co) are good catalysts, the photocatalytic performance being dependent on the Co/Ti ratio and on the structural metal location. The Co(1%)-TNT doped sample was the best photocatalyst for all the degradation processes studied.