Combined in- and ex situ studies of pyrazine adsorption into the aliphatic MOF Al-CAU-13: structures, dynamics and correlations

Abstract

The intercalation of different pyrazines (pyrazine, methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and tetramethylpyrazine) into the trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (CDC²⁻) based Al-MOF [Al(OH)(CDC)], denoted as CAU-13, was investigated. The adsorption of the guest molecules into the flexible MOF was carried out from an aqueous solution or via vapour phase adsorption, starting with the hydrated narrow-pore form of the framework [Al(OH)(O₂C-C₆H₁₀-CO₂)]·H₂O (CAU-13-np). The obtained host–guest systems were characterised by thermogravimetry and vibrational spectroscopy and their crystal structures were elucidated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data. The crystal structures indicate that guest molecules forming hydrogen-bonds with the host framework (pyrazine, methylpyrazine and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine) induce a slight opening of the channels, resulting in a semi-open framework conformation (CAU-13-so). For the bulkier guests 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and tetramethylpyrazine, only van der Waals interactions can be observed between the host and the guest molecules and a large pore conformation is observed (CAU-13-lp). We carried out in situ PXRD studies using synchrotron radiation during the adsorption of the respective guest molecules from aqueous solutions with various concentrations and at different temperatures. In general, stronger host–guest interactions required milder adsorption conditions while harsher conditions nevertheless accelerated the conversion. The kinetic parameters for the intercalation of pyrazine indicate that the rate limiting step differs, depending on the intercalation temperature.