Bifunctional galvanics mediated selective toxicity on titanium†
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles and calcium were simultaneously introduced into a titanium surface to produce galvanics that facilitate cathodic proton consumption and anodic calcium release, which synergistically hinder bacterial adhesion by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and boost osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells via induction of dynamic membrane blebbing.