Cultivation of a Cu/HMPC catalyst from a hyperaccumulating mustard plant for highly efficient and selective coupling reactions under mild conditions

Abstract

Cu-containing activated carbon (eco-catalyst, Cu/HMPC, where ‘C’ defines ‘carbon’) was derived from a metal-hyperaccumulating mustard plant (HMP) by a simple chemical activation method. Transmission electron microscopy/selected area diffraction (HRTEM/SAED) results revealed that the Cu/HMPC has mainly three types of morphology [sheet-like morphology (2D), hollow-spheres (3D) and needle-like structures (1D)] which are interconnected. HRTEM-SAED, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the existence of Cu oxide species in Cu/HMPC. Content of Cu in Cu/HMPC was determined to be 1.03 wt%. The quality of graphitization in Cu/HMPC was discussed by using Raman and XRD results. The BET surface area of Cu/HMPC was determined to be 620.8 m² g⁻¹. The Cu/HMPC actively transformed a wide range of amines to imines under very mild reaction conditions. The catalyst Cu/HMPC gave products in excellent yields (98–61%) with very high TON/TOF values (1512/339–833/35 h⁻¹). To the best of our knowledge, this is the most efficient Cu-based heterogeneous eco-catalyst for the synthesis of imines among those reported to date. The Cu can be recovered from used Cu/HMPC by a simple HCl treatment. Versatility, heterogeneity and reusability of Cu/HMPC were tested. A possible mechanism has been proposed.