Anticancer activities of a β-amino alcohol ligand and nanoparticles of its copper(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes evaluated by experimental and theoretical methods

Abstract

2-(2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino)ethylamino)cyclohexanol (HEAC) and copper and zinc complexes, [Cu(HEAC)Cl]Cl (1), [Cu(HEAC)Br]Br (2), [Zn(HEAC)Cl₂] (3), were prepared and identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, ¹H NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Also nanoparticles of 1–3 were prepared for anticancer studies by ultrasonic irradiation. Particle size and morphology of the nano particles are investigated by PXRD and SEM, respectively. X-ray analysis revealed that the ionic complexes 1 and 2 are isostructural. In the structure of complexes 1 and 2, the metal atom has a CuN₂O₂X (X: Cl (1), Br (2)) environment with square-pyramidal geometry, containing the tetradentate N₂O₂-donor HEAC. The bond length of the axial position in the square-pyramidal geometry of 1 and 2 is elongated. Complex 3 has a ZnN₂OCl₂ environment with trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the zinc atom in which the HEAC acts as mer-N₂O-donor. The ability of HEAC and nano particles 1–3 to interact with the nine biomacromolecules (BRAF kinase, CatB, DNA gyrase, HDAC7, rHA, RNR, TrxR, TS and Top II) are investigated by docking calculations. For examination of the docking results, the in vitro activities of four compounds against the human leukemia cell line K562 were investigated by evaluation of IC₅₀ values and mode of cell death (apoptosis). The thermodynamic stability of the compounds along with the charge distribution pattern were studied by DFT and NBO analysis, respectively.