Morphology-dependent third-order optical nonlinearity of a 2D Co-based metal–organic framework with a porphyrinic skeleton

Abstract

A two-dimensional (2D) Co-based metal–organic framework (MOF) with porphyrinic skeleton forms crystalline plates, flower-shaped clusters, and ultrathin films under optimized conditions, including the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant. Ultrathin films demonstrate the best solution-based third-order nonlinear optical properties, featuring a nonlinear transmittance (T) value of 0.54, absorption coefficient (α₂) of 9.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ m W⁻¹ and second hyperpolarizability (γ) value of 1.37 × 10⁻²⁸ esu, which are slightly better than those of the flower-shaped clusters (T = 0.65, α₂ = 7.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ m W⁻¹; γ = 1.27 × 10⁻²⁸ esu), but marginally better than those of the crystalline thin plates (T = 0.94, α₂ = 2.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ m W⁻¹; γ = 0.24 × 10⁻²⁸ esu).