Microscopic origin of pressure-induced phase-transitions in urea: a detailed investigation through first principles calculations

Abstract

The potential crystal structures and properties of urea as a function of pressure were studied using ab initio based electronic structure calculations. The enthalpy-pressure behavior shows that urea undergoes a pressure induced structural phase transition from P2₁m (phase I) → P2₁2₁2₁ (phase III) at 0.66 GPa with a volume collapse of 4.83%, driven by softening of the acoustic mode along the Γ–X direction. Another phase transition from the P2₁2₁2₁ → P2₁2₁2 structure was identified at 3.09 GPa. The violation of Born stability criteria in the P2₁2₁2₁ structure along with softening of the acoustic mode in the U–R direction was responsible for the pressure induced phase transition. Furthermore, the application of pressure led to the breaking and formation of N–H⋯O bonds in the crystal structure of urea during the phase transition, i.e., the H-acceptor capacitance of the oxygen atoms was varied between phases I/IV and -III. Band structure calculations were performed using a hybrid functional (Heyd, Scuseria and Ernzerhof, HSE) which includes a part of exact Fock-exchange. The computed electronic band structure showed that the urea polymorphs are insulators with a direct band gap of 6.21, 6.85 and 6.99 eV for phase-I, -III and -IV, respectively, at selected pressures. We have also presented the dielectric functions (real (ε₁(ω)) and imaginary (ε₂(ω)) parts), refractive index and absorption coefficients to explore the optical characteristics of the urea phases. The geometric interpretation of intermolecular interactions were quantitatively visualized using Hirshfeld surface analysis. Our results provide a complete picture of various properties of urea polymorphs that lay the foundation for further understanding of structures and their applications.