Vertically oriented Sn3O4 nanoflakes directly grown on carbon fiber cloth for high-performance lithium storage

Abstract

Tin-based oxides are considered to be promising candidates for lithium-ion battery anode materials due to their high theoretical capacities. However, the low conductivity and drastic volume expansion/contraction during the reaction with Li⁺ ions greatly limit their practical applications. Herein, we have successfully grown vertically aligned Sn₃O₄ nanoflakes on the carbon fiber cloth substrate by a hydrothermal method, referred to as Sn₃O₄@CFC. As a binder-free flexible anode for LIBs, this composite can not only accommodate the structural strain upon cycling, but also improve the electrical conductivity. As a consequence, the Sn₃O₄@CFC electrode manifests high specific capacity and good cycling stability. It exhibits a high specific capacity of around 1500 mA h g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹, superior rate capability (835.6 mA h g⁻¹ at a high current density up to 2000 mA g⁻¹) and good cyclic stability with 66.2% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 1000 mA g⁻¹.