Influence of coordinating groups of organotin compounds on the Fries rearrangement of diphenyl carbonate

Abstract

In this paper, the Fries rearrangement of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) catalyzed by organotin compounds with different coordination groups was studied for the first time. The electronic effect and steric hindrance of the coordinating groups were discussed with respect to the reactivity of DPC rearrangement. The results showed that both the electronic effect and steric hindrance of the coordinating groups influenced the acidity of the active tin centers and then affected the catalytic performance of organotin as a Lewis acid for the rearrangement of DPC, and the influence of the electronic effect is greater than that of steric hindrance. The catalytic activity is in the order of BuSnO(OH) > Bu₂SnO > Bu₂Sn(OCOC₁₁H₂₃)₂ > BuSnCl₃ > Bu₃SnOSnBu₃ > Bu₃SnCl, and Bu₂SnO showed the best catalytic activity due to its strong electron absorption effect, small steric hindrance, and good stability. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the conversion of DPC was up to 93%, and the yields of phenyl salicylate (PS) and xanthone (XA) were 62% and 28%, respectively. In addition, a reaction mechanism of DPC rearrangement catalyzed by the organotin compounds was speculated. This research can provide vigorous theoretical data support to control the byproducts produced by DPC rearrangement in the process of DPC synthesis. It also provides a new route for the preparation of PS and XA.