Barrier effect of coal bottom ash-based geopolymers on soil contaminated by heavy metals

Abstract

Coal bottom ash (CBA) was modified on the basis of the engineering problems of low resource utilization of CBA and difficulty in treating HMS through alkali activation to synthesize geopolymers and solidify heavy metal-contaminated soil (HMS). The optimal values of geopolymers were selected through response surface methodology. Their mineral compositions, microstructure, and binding energy were determined through X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy tests, respectively. The stress–strain curve, the leaching concentration and fraction of heavy metals, and the solidifying mechanism for remolded soil were determined through unconfined compressive strength, leaching toxicity, sequential chemical extraction, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy tests, respectively. Based on these experiments, the following conclusions were presented. The optimum ratios of CBA-based geopolymers were n(Si) : n(Al) = 2.666, n(Na) : n(Al) = 0.687, and n(water) : n(binder) = 2.422. The X-ray curves of the geopolymers were obvious hump-like protuberances at diffraction angles of 20–35° and had a dense amorphous structure on the surface. The maximum binding energies of Si 2p and Al 2p decreased to 101.03 and 72.89 eV, respectively. A 3D network polymerized because of strong geopolymerization. The maximum axial stress of the remolded soil was 104.91% higher than that of the undisturbed soil, and the leaching concentration decreased by more than 45.88%. The leaching toxicity met the requirements of standard GB 5085.3-2007. The proportion of the acid-extractable fraction of heavy metals in the remolded soil decreased, whereas the proportion of residual fraction increased. The stretching vibration of Si–O–Si (Al) and the bending vibration of Si–O–Si appeared in the IR spectrum. The soil particles were completely encapsulated by a hardened geopolymer structure, thereby forming a multilayer space-skeleton barrier structure that could greatly improve the mechanical properties.