A highly selective fluorescent probe for human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (hNQO1) detection and imaging in living tumor cells

Abstract

Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (hNQO1) can be used as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. In this article, a novel fluorescent probe 1 for detecting hNQO1 was designed and synthesized by using 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (TCF) derivative (TCF-OH) as a fluorophore and quinone propionic acid (QPA) as a recognition group. The probe, which has high selectivity for hNQO1 and a Stokes shift of about 117 nm, shows a linear relationship with hNQO1 concentrations in the range of 0.25–3 μg ml⁻¹ with the color changes from yellow to red and was successfully applied to intracellular hNQO1 imaging.