Brønsted acid and Pd–PHOX dual-catalysed enantioselective addition of activated C-pronucleophiles to internal dienes

Abstract

We describe the development of Pd–PHOX-catalysed enantioselective couplings of internal dienes with malononitrile and other activated C-pronucleophiles. Reactions are dramatically accelerated by the addition of Et₃N·HBAr^F₄ as a Brønsted acid co-catalyst, enabling a suite of products bearing a variety of alkyl substituents at the stereogenic carbon to be prepared. A series of mechanism-oriented experiments reveal key aspects of the catalytic cycle and the importance of the non-coordinating BAr^F₄ counterion in not only promoting reactions of internal dienes but also additions of previously unreactive nucleophiles towards terminal dienes.