A mitochondrion-targeted dual-site fluorescent probe for the discriminative detection of SO32− and HSO3− in living HepG-2 cells

Abstract

Sulfur dioxide, known as an environmental pollutant, produced during industrial productions is also a common food additive that is permitted worldwide. In living organisms, sulfur dioxide forms hydrates of sulfite (SO₂·H₂O), bisulfite (HSO₃⁻) and sulfite (SO₃²⁻) under physiological pH conditions; these three exist in a dynamic balance and play a role in maintaining redox balance, further participating in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. On the basis of the differences in nucleophilicity between SO₃²⁻ and HSO₃⁻, for the first time, we built a mitochondrion-targeted dual-site fluorescent probe (Mito-CDTH-CHO) based on benzopyran for the highly specific detection of SO₃²⁻ and HSO₃⁻ with two diverse emission channels. Mito-CDTH-CHO can discriminatively respond to the levels of HSO₃⁻ and SO₃²⁻. Besides, its advantages of low cytotoxicity, superior biocompatibility and excellent mitochondrial enrichment ability contribute to the detection and observation of the distribution of sulfur dioxide derivatives in living organisms as well as allowing further studies on the physiological functions of sulfur dioxide.