Toluene adsorption on porous Cu–BDC@OAC composite at various operating conditions: optimization by response surface methodology

Abstract

The work presented here describes the synthesis of Cu–BDC MOF (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) based on oxidized activated carbon (microporous Cu–BDC@OAC composite) using an in situ method. The adsorbents (oxidized activated carbon (OAC), Cu–BDC and microporous Cu–BDC@OAC composite) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS and BET techniques. Optimization of operating parameters affecting the efficiency of adsorption capacity, including adsorbent mass, flow rate, concentration, relative humidity and temperature, was carried out by central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). An adsorbent mass of 60 mg, a flow rate of 90 mL min⁻¹, the concentration of toluene (500 ppm), the relative humidity of 30% and a temperature of 26 °C were found to be the optimized process conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity for toluene onto Cu–BDC@OAC composite was 222.811 mg g⁻¹, which increased by almost 12% and 50% compared with pure Cu–BDC and oxidized AC, respectively. The presence of micropores enhances the dynamic adsorption capacity of toluene. The regeneration of the composite was still up to 78% after three consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. According to the obtained adsorbent parameters, microporous Cu–BDC@OAC was shown to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of volatile organic compounds.