Organic–inorganic hybrid liquid crystals of azopyridine-enabled halogen-bonding towards sensing in aquatic environment

Abstract

In this study, organic–inorganic hybrid mesogens of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and azopyridines (AzoPys) enabled by halogen bonding were prepared. Triple functions of the degree of orientation change, metal-enhanced fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering were observed in Ag⋯Br–Br⋯AzoPy nanoparticles (12Br–Ag), which were induced by the in situ synthesis of Ag NPs in AzoPy. The bromine molecules were then linked by halogen bonding and electrostatic interaction resulting in the smectic A phase of 12Br–Ag. To demonstrate the potential of Br–Br⋯AzoPy (12Br) as a practical sensor, we used the 12Br compound to detect silver in an aqueous condition, and significant signals of the halogen-bonded complex-silver system were observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern and Raman spectra. Herein, we provide a novel perspective and design principle for the practical applications of organic–inorganic hybrid liquid crystals in environmental monitoring.